DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
- mature leaves dark colored and alternately attached to the stems
- leaves with a prominent, light-colored midrib and obscure secondary veins
- newly emerging leaves often pink in color, sometimes light yellow-green
TRADITIONAL HAWAIIAN USES
- wood hard, used by Hawaiians for posts and beams in house construction
- also used for canoe gunwales and kappa anvils
- bark used for dying kapa
HAWAIIAN RAIN FOREST ECOLOGY
- mature trees row in the secondary tree canopy above the tree ferns but below `ōhi`a and koa; less abundant than `ōlapa and kāwa`u at Niaulani
- seedlings common now that kahili ginger removed
- seedlings usually on nurse logs where tree ferns are dense; may also grow from soil where tree ferns are less dense
- can grow into large trees with nurse log origin after roots penetrate soil as nurse log decomposes
- gets established as an epiphyte on tree ferns and grow into small tree up to six feet tall
- does not become large tree as an epiphyte because does not form aerial roots to mine water and nutrients from the soil
SAY IT IN HAWAIIAN!